The negative impact of smartphones on mental health: Insights from research

Smartphones have become an integral part of our lives, offering convenience, connectivity, and access to information. We hold in our hands a super-computer that has influenced population behaviour (online shopping, video calling), an evolution of language that incorporates actions associated with smartphone devices (‘selfies’, ‘doom scrolling’) and the idea of attention mining. The function of a smartphone is to mine for your attention and then ensure it continues to keep your attention - hello algorithyms! Which it is incredibly good at! And let’s not forget the Smartwatch to ensure you never miss a notification or little doapmine hit from your old schoolfriend ‘liking’ the photo you took of your dinner… I find the relationship between my clients (and myself) quite fascintating, yet it’s often of concern as to how the apps on the smart devices yield such psychological power over an individuals belief systems, self-worth and loneliness.

Concerns have continued to emerge regarding the negative effects of smartphones on mental health, most recently from the insights in the Sapiens Lab Report (May 2023). Here’s a quick run down of the research that leads me to believe that adopting new boundaries with smart devices can help support improvements in mental health.

Increased Anxiety and Stress:

A study published in the journal Computers in Human Behavior found that higher levels of smartphone use were associated with greater symptoms of anxiety and depression, particularly among young adults (Elhai et al., 2017). Additionally, research from the University of Illinois revealed that high smartphone use led to increased stress and reduced psychological well-being (Kushlev et al., 2016). In a world where anxiety and stress levels are on a continual increase, correlation may well equal causation in this situation.

Sleep Disturbances and Insomnia:

Research from the National Sleep Foundation suggests that smartphone usage before bedtime can disrupt sleep patterns. The blue light emitted by screens inhibits the production of melatonin, making it harder to fall asleep and compromising the quality of sleep (National Sleep Foundation, 2020). I’d recommend Matthew Walkers book, ‘Why we sleep’, in order to understand the depths of why solid, restful sleep is an important factor in positive changes in wellbeing.

Social Isolation and Loneliness:

A meta-analysis published in the journal Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking found a negative correlation between smartphone use and perceived social support, indicating that excessive smartphone use is associated with feelings of social isolation (Kim et al., 2019). Another study published in Computers in Human Behavior revealed a link between high smartphone use and higher levels of loneliness and depression (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2016).

Smartphone Addiction and Impaired Self-regulation:

The concept of smartphone addiction has garnered significant attention in recent years. A study published in the Journal of Behavioral Addictions identified smartphone addiction as a distinct phenomenon associated with poor mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and stress (Elhai et al., 2017). Research has also shown that excessive smartphone use can impair self-regulation and lead to neglect of essential responsibilities (Billieux et al., 2015).

Cognitive Impairment and Reduced Productivity:

In the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance demonstrated that the mere presence of a smartphone, even when not in use, can significantly impair cognitive performance and attention (Ward et al., 2017). Another study published in the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication found that frequent interruptions from smartphone use can result in reduced productivity and attention span (Rosen et al., 2013).

The research demonstrates that excessive smartphone usage can have negative implications for mental health. The evidence suggests a correlation between smartphone use and increased anxiety, stress, sleep disturbances, social isolation, addiction, and cognitive impairments. Acknowledging these potential risks is crucial for promoting a healthier relationship with smartphones and ensuring the well-being of individuals in the digital age. By adopting mindful smartphone usage habits, setting boundaries, and seeking a balanced approach to technology, we can navigate the potential pitfalls while harnessing the positive aspects smartphones offer. I don’t believe that smartphones are ‘evil’ but as a clinician, I do believe it’s important to consider all the influences in a client’s life - and to question whether or not that influence is supportive.